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41.
Miyuki Tahata Yusuke Sawaki Yuichiro Ueno Manabu Nishizawa Naohiro Yoshida Toshikazu Ebisuzaki Tsuyoshi Komiya Shigenori Maruyama 《地学前缘(英文版)》2015,6(1):121-136
Important ecological changes of the Earth(oxidization of the atmosphere and the ocean) increase in nutrient supply due to the break-up of the super continent(Rodinia) and the appearance of multi-cellular organisms(macroscopic algae and metazoan) took place in the Ediacaran period,priming the Cambrian explosion.The strong perturbations in carbon cycles in the ocean are recorded as excursions in carbonate and organic carbon isotope ratio(δ~(13)C_(carb) and δ~(13)C_(org)) from the Ediacaran through early Cambrian periods.The Ediacaran-early Cambrian sediment records of δ~(13)C_(carb) and δ~(13)C_(org),obtained from the drill-core samples in Three Gorges in South China,are compared with the results of numerical simulation of a simple one-zone model of the carbon cycle of the ocean,which has two reservoirs(i.e.,dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC).The fluxes from the reservoirs are assumed to be proportional to the mass of the carbon reservoirs.We constructed a model,referred to here as the Best Fit Model(BFM),which reproduce δ~(13)C_(carb) and δ~(13)C_(org) records in the Ediacaran-early Cambrian period noted above.BFM reveals that the Shuram excursion is related to three major changes in the carbon cycle or the global ecological system of the Earth:(1) an increase in the coefficient of remineralization by a factor of ca.100,possibly corresponding to a change in the dominant metabolism from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration,(2) an increase of carbon fractionation index from 25‰ to 33‰,possibly corresponding to the change in the primary producer from rock-living cyanobacteria to free-living macro algae,and(3) an increase in the coefficient of the organic carbon burial by a factor of ca.100,possibly corresponding to the onset of a biological pump driven by the flourishing metazoan and zooplankton.The former two changes took place at the start of the Shuram excursion,while the third occurred at the end of the Shuram excursion.The other two excursions are explained by the tentative decrease in primary production due to cold periods,which correspond to the Gaskiers(ca.580 Ma) and Bikonor(ca.542 Ma) glaciations. 相似文献
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Turnagain Arm is a macrotidal fjord‐style estuary. Glacier Creek is a small, glacially fed stream which enters the estuary tangentially near Girdwood, Alaska. Trenches and daily sedimentation measurements were made in a mudflat along the fluvio–estuarine transition of Glacier Creek during several summers since 2003. Each year, the flats appear to erode during the winter and then accrete vertically in the spring and summer. In each of the years studied, tidal laminae in vertically thickening and thinning laminae bundles were deposited by twice daily tides in neap–spring tidal cycles. In 2004, bundles of thickening and thinning laminae couplets were noted in trenches cut into the flats. Five laminae bundles alternated between thicker and thinner bundles, corresponding to the perigean (high spring) and apogean (low spring) tides. Well‐preserved apogean–perigean cycles have rarely been documented in modern tidal flat sediments. At this location, vertical accretion of tidal rhythmites with well‐developed neap–spring cyclicity is possible because of the near‐complete removal of the flat from the previous year, which creates accommodation space for vertical accretion without significant reworking. Macrotidal conditions, no reworking by infaunal invertebrates, protection from the main tidal channel by a gravel bar and protection from storm waves and fluvial erosion by a recess in the sedge marsh that surrounds the flats all aid in preservation of rhythmites during aggradation. The position of the flats relative to tidal range allows for accumulation of complete spring cycles and incomplete neap cycles. In the summer of 2004, apogee and perigee were closely aligned with the new and full moons, resulting in successive strong perigee and apogee tides which probably aided in the accumulation of successive thick–thin spring cycles encoding the apogean and perigean tidal cycle. The apogean–perigean signal was not observed in subsequent years. 相似文献
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长期动荷载作用下冻结粉土的变形和强度特征 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
根据长期动荷载作用下的蠕变试验结果,研究了冻结粉土的变形和动强度特征.试验分3组,第一、二组是小振幅动荷载试验,且第二组的动荷载幅值为第一组的两倍;第三组是大振幅动荷载试验,荷载最小值取接近于零的值,最大值与第一组对应.试验结果表明:各种振幅的动荷载作用下,冻土的累积应变随荷载振动次数的变化规律相同(都包括初始蠕变阶段、稳定蠕变阶段、渐进流阶段)但数值上有差异.在初始和稳定蠕变阶段,第三组试验的累积应变小于第一、二组的,但是第三组试验稳定蠕变阶段的应变速率很大,蠕变曲线迅速进入渐进流阶段,此后其累积应变值大于小振幅动荷载试验的;第一、二组试验的应变幅值随振次的变化规律相似,但与第三组的有明显不同,而且,第三组试验的应变幅值明显大于第一、二组试验的.各种振幅动荷载作用下冻土的残余应变随振次的变化规律相同,且偏移荷载载越大或动荷载振动幅值越大,残余应变越大;冻土的动强度随荷载振动次数的增加而衰减,直至趋于极限动强度,大振幅动荷载试验的极限动强度明显小于小振幅动荷载试验的. 相似文献
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为了解边界层厚度的大尺度分布及其气候循环特征,基于逐日ERA 40 再分析边界层厚度资料,采用统计学方法计算边界层厚度分4个时次的季节循环、年较差等气候特征场,对全球边界层厚度分布及其季节演变特征进行了研究。结果表明:全球较厚的边界层分布与大地形、沙漠等下垫面的分布有直接联系;陆地强边界层分布存在“08时”现象,即陆地较厚边界层中心分布在当地时间08时经线附近;在大洋上南北纬30°~40°两条纬度带内边界层厚度的月尺度内变率较大,与大气强斜压性的天气系统活跃区一致;月平均日较差的年循环特征存在着季节性南北进退的现象。研究结果对于全面认识和科学利用ERA 40逐日边界层再分析资料有一定帮助。 相似文献
47.
Partial pressure of CO2 in equilibrium with sample water (pCO2) for the coastal water in the Chukchi Sea was continuously observed in summer, 2008. Average daily CO2 flux calculated from the pCO2 and gas transfer coefficients ranged from −0.144 to −0.0701 g C m−2 day−1 depending on which gas transfer coefficient was used. The pCO2 before the landfast ice sheets melted appeared to be highly biologically controlled based on the following information: (1) the diurnal pattern of pCO2 was strongly correlated with Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD); (2) high chlorophyll density was observed during periods of peak uptake; and (3) the day-to-day variation in the pCO2 strongly correlated with the presence or absence of near-shore ice sheets. The lowest pCO2 of 35 ppm together with the highest PPFD of 1362 μmol E m−2 s−1 were observed in the afternoon on June 28 in the presence of sea ice. The very low pCO2 observed in late June was likely caused by high photosynthetic rates related to high phytoplankton densities typically observed from spring to early summer near the ice edge, and by water low in salinity and CO2 released by melting sea ice early in the season. 相似文献
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首先提出了浮点变换完全去相关法,该方法能够在单历元动态确定整周模糊度。研究了基于载波相位测量的完好性监测方法。利用最小二乘残差构造统计检验量,对整周模糊度进行检测。分析了定位误差保护限与卫星构型、漏警概率的关系。实测数据表明,整周模糊度在单历元动态求解的成功率为100%,增加1颗卫星将使垂直定位误差保护限减少约0.2 m,统计检验量检测周跳的正确率为100%。 相似文献
50.
提出了一种适用于实时GPS精密单点定位的周跳探测与修复的新算法。该算法步骤为:①利用M-W组合和电离层残差组合初步确定没有发生周跳和可能发生周跳的卫星;②利用当前历元与前一(或几个)历元的L1、L2和Lw观测值和第一步得出的没有发生周跳的卫星信息,采用基于历元间差分观测值的周跳处理模型对可能发生周跳的卫星进行周跳探测;③对第二步中周跳处理失败的卫星进行进一步的精化处理,以尽可能修复周跳。实验表明,新算法在实时GPS精密单点定位中可以准确地探测并修复周跳。 相似文献